Dr. Homi Jehangir the Father of Indian Nuclear Program

Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, known as the Father of Indian Nuclear Program, was a brilliant scientist who played a key role in shaping India’s journey in nuclear science. His vision of a self-reliant and powerful India in this field has inspired generations of scientists and innovators.

Background of Dr Homi Bhabha

Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha is widely regarded as the father of India’s nuclear program. Growing up in an affluent and educated environment, Bhabha received quality education from an early age.

Early life and Education

Dr. Home Bhabha was born in Mumbai on October 30, 1909, to a prominent Parsi family.

• He attended Cathedral School and later joined Elphinstone College.
• He continued his education at the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay, and later enrolled at Cambridge University in 1927 to study mechanical engineering.
• Under the influence of Paul Dirac, Bhabha developed a passion for theoretical physics and switched his focus to theoretical physics at Cambridge.
• He achieved a first-class grade in mathematics at Tripos in 1932 and later graduated with a doctorate in nuclear physics from Cambridge in 1934.

Career

• Cosmic Rays: Dr Homi Bhabha conducted studies on cosmic rays through the ballon experiment, in which clusters of rubber weather balloons are used to study the impact of cosmic rays on Earth’s atmosphere
• IISc: During World War II, he came back to India and took up a position as a physics reader at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore.
• TIFR: Dr. Bhabha established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) for carrying out nuclear science research in 1945, with support from the Tata Trust and the government of India.
• AEC: In 1948, Bhabha was instrumental in creating the Atomic Energy Commission, serving as its inaugural chairman.
• AEET: He was the primary catalyst for the development of crucial nuclear research infrastructures in India, such as the Atomic Energy Establishment in Trombay, which, after Bhabha’s death, was renamed “the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre” (BARC).
• IAEA: At the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Dr. Homi Bhabha stood as India’s representative, strongly promoting the non-aggressive utilization of nuclear energy.

Contribution of Dr Homi Bhabha

Dr. Homi Bhabha made a significant contribution to science in general and particularly to the development of nuclear sciences in India.

Scientific contribution

Some of the major scientific contributions of Dr Homi Bhabha are listed below

Concept	Description
Bhabha Scattering	– It refers to the electromagnetic scattering between an electron and a positron, which are antiparticles of each other.– It provides valuable insights into the cross-section (probability) of the scattering, which is pivotal in experiments at electron-positron colliders.- It is used in calibrating electron-positron colliders due to its relatively large cross-section.- It is a vital testbed for QED (Quantum Electrodynamics), the quantum theory of electromagnetic interactions.
Bhabha-Heitler theory	– It addresses the production of electron-positron pairs (pair production) and the subsequent electromagnetic cascades produced when high-energy gamma rays (photons) or charged particles interact with matter.- It has been extensively used to analyse cosmic ray showers, calculate the number of secondary particles produced at varying depths in the atmosphere, and estimate the energy of primary cosmic rays based on the observed properties of the cascades they produce.
Work on Yukawa Particle	– He investigated the theoretical scattering of these particles by electrons, a process analogous to the Compton scattering of photons.- Bhabha’s work in this area provided important insights into the behaviour and properties of the Yukawa particle.
Work on Mesons	– He provided a detailed theoretical explanation for the showers of particles produced when high-energy cosmic rays collide with the Earth’s atmosphere.- His work on mesons played a crucial role in understanding cosmic ray showers and the behaviour of mesons in various conditions. This process involves mesons, which are an integral part of the showers.

Contribution to India’s Nuclear Program

Dr. Homi Bhabha played an indispensable role in laying the foundation and charting the course for India’s nuclear ambitions. His major contributions are listed below

Three-Stage Nuclear Power Program

• Bhabha proposed a visionary three-stage nuclear power program to utilize India’s vast thorium reserves.
  • To harness energy from thorium via a series of reactors, starting with pressurized heavy water reactors
  • Fast breeder reactors
  • Thorium-based reactors

APSARA (India’s first research reactor)

• He laid out a blueprint for the development of nuclear reactors for research and power generation.
• It was indigenously designed at the TIFR.
• Bhabha ensured collaboration with international entities for specific components.
  • For instance, the initial fuel for APSARA was sourced from the United Kingdom.
• APSARA was a pool-type reactor that had a capacity of 1 MWt (megawatt thermal).
  • It was primarily used for research in nuclear physics, material testing, and radiography.
  • It played a pivotal role in training nuclear scientists and engineers in the early stages of India’s nuclear program.

Atomic Energy Act, 1948

• Dr. Bhabha played a vital role in drafting the Atomic Energy Act of 1948.
  • Dr. Bhabha’s influence ensured that the Act struck a balance between promoting research and ensuring safety.
• Through the act, he emphasised the importance of India retaining sovereignty over its atomic program, ensuring that it was free from undue foreign influence or interference.

Representation of India at IAEA

• Dr. Bhabha consistently advocated for the peaceful use of nuclear energy, emphasising its potential in power generation, medicine, and agriculture, among other areas.
• Dr. Bhabha effectively voiced the concerns and interests of developing nations in global nuclear forums.

Space and Electronics 

Space

• Bhabha played a significant role in the early days of India’s space programme.
• Under his guidance, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was entrusted with the responsibility for the Space Programme in 1961.
• He emphasised the importance of space research for India’s technological advancement and warned against depending on foreign know-how.
• He equated the early stage of space research in India to the stage of atomic energy work from a decade prior.
• He was pivotal in establishing the Indian National Committee for Space Research, with Vikram Sarabhai as its chairman.

Electronics

• He initiated plans for an Indian Space Science and Technology Centre.
• Bhabha recognized the interconnection between atomic energy and electronics, emphasizing the need for indigenous development in nuclear electronics, computers, and control systems.
• Based on his recommendations, the Electronics Committee was established in 1963, with Bhabha as its chairman.
• He stressed the significance of electronics as a vital branch of modern technology, beyond just the entertainment industry.
• The Electronics Committee’s report was finalized in 1965, aiming for India’s self-reliance in electronics.

Awards and Recognition received by Homi Bhabha

Dr. Homi Bhabha received many accolades, such as:

• Fellow of the Royal Society in 1941
• Adams Prize from Cambridge University in 1943 for his cosmic ray research.
• Hopkins Prize in 1948, by the Cambridge Philosophical Society
• In 1963, he was named Foreign Associate of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and became an Honorary Life Member of the New York Academy of Sciences.
• President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics from 1960 to 1963
• Bhabha led the International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva in August 1955 under U.N. auspices.
• He presided over the National Institute of Sciences of India in 1963.
• President of the Indian Science Congress Association in 1951
• Padma Bhushan,1954

Legacy of Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha:

1. Institution Building:
   • TIFR (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research): Founded in 1945, became a key center for nuclear physics research.
   • BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre): Established India’s first nuclear research center, pivotal in the nuclear program.
   • Atomic Energy Commission: Instrumental in its formation in 1948, leading India’s nuclear policy.
2. Nuclear Energy Development:
   • Civil Nuclear Program: Pioneered India’s peaceful nuclear energy efforts, leading to self-reliance in energy production.
   • Indigenous Technology: Fostered development of India’s homegrown nuclear technology.
3. Strategic and Defense Contributions:
   • Nuclear Weapons Program: Laid the groundwork for India’s nuclear deterrence, leading to India’s first nuclear test in 1974.
   • Self-Reliance: Advocated for self-sufficiency in both energy and defense sectors.
4. Peaceful Nuclear Vision:
   • Promoted nuclear energy for peaceful uses, representing India at IAEA and advocating for non-proliferation.
5. Scientific Contributions:
   • Cosmic Rays: Pioneered important research in cosmic rays, making India a key player in global physics.
   • Nuclear Physics: Contributed significantly to nuclear science, strengthening India’s position in the scientific community.
6. Global Nuclear Diplomacy:
   • Played a key role in nuclear diplomacy, promoting India’s peaceful nuclear rights and contributing to its global standing.

CBL Practice Questions for Prelims

Which of the following statements is/are correct about Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha?

1. He established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in 1945 for conducting nuclear science research in India.
2. Dr. Bhabha was instrumental in the creation of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in 1948 and became its first Chairman.
3. He represented India at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), promoting the military use of nuclear energy.
4. Dr. Bhabha’s research on cosmic rays involved experiments using clusters of weather balloons to study their impact on Earth’s atmosphere.

Select the correct answer using the code below:

• (a) 1, 2, and 4 only
• (b) 1, 2, and 3 only
• (c) 2, 3, and 4 only
• (d) 1, 3, and 4 only

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Answer:

(a) 1, 2, and 4 only

CBL Mains Practice Question

“Dr. Homi Bhabha’s work on cosmic rays and nuclear science is a key chapter in India’s scientific history. Evaluate his role in the global scientific community and India’s position in the international scientific arena, particularly with regard to nuclear energy.”

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